This is a working overview of heptapeptide, written for readers who want more than a one-paragraph summary but less than a textbook.
This page was last updated on 2026-01-26 and is reviewed periodically as new material appears.
Enzymatic stability motivates the extra three residues at the carboxyl end. Native tuftsin is cleaved quickly by circulating aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases, which limits its duration of action and its usefulness as a tool compound. Extending the chain with proline-rich segments is a common design tactic because proline constrains the backbone and slows proteolysis. The same Pro-Gly-Pro motif appears in other Russian-developed peptides of the era. Whether the full seven-residue chain is required for activity, or whether it acts mainly as a prodrug releasing tuftsin, remains unresolved.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro. Its four N-terminal residues reproduce tuftsin, a tetrapeptide fragment of the immunoglobulin heavy chain, while the C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension is a synthetic addition. The peptide has a molecular mass near 752 daltons and carries a net positive charge at physiological pH because of the arginine and lysine side chains. Published indexes list it under the name Selank and the sequence abbreviation TKPRPGP. Solid-phase peptide synthesis is the standard production route for research quantities.
Development took place at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, where a series of short peptides were designed in the 1980s and 1990s. Selank was selected from variants of tuftsin that showed resistance to plasma peptidases. Russian regulatory approval covers it as an anxiolytic agent given intranasally. Outside that market the compound is normally handled as a research chemical rather than a medicine, and no widely recognised international pharmacopoeial monograph exists. The name Selank is a coined trade designation rather than a systematic chemical name.
Reported activity for Selank centers on anxiolytic and nootropic effects. Russian clinical reports describe use in anxiety and in cognitive or attention-related complaints. Most of this evidence comes from studies conducted by the same research groups that developed the peptide. Independent replication in other countries remains limited, and no major Western regulatory agency has approved the compound for any indication. The gap between local reports and external verification is a recurring point in discussions of the peptide.
Tuftsin, the parent structure, is a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide released from the Fc region of immunoglobulin G by spleen enzymes. Selank extends this four-residue sequence with three additional amino acids. The stated rationale is that the added tail slows enzymatic breakdown and may influence receptor interactions. How the full heptapeptide behaves at the molecular level is not firmly established, and proposed mechanisms often involve indirect modulation of neurotransmitter or immune signaling rather than a single defined target.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Chemical class | Synthetic heptapeptide | Tuftsin analogue with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro tail |
| Amino acid sequence | Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro | Abbreviated TKPRPGP in most catalogues |
| Molecular mass | About 752 Da | Value for the free peptide |
| Solubility | Freely soluble in water | Aqueous solutions are kept cold and used promptly |
| Typical storage | -20 °C, dry, protected from light | Applies to the lyophilised powder before reconstitution |
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide with the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, written TKPRPGP in one-letter notation. Its structure consists of the immunomodulatory tetrapeptide tuftsin, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, extended at the carboxyl terminus by a Pro-Gly-Pro segment. The molecular formula is commonly given as C33H57N11O9, corresponding to a monoisotopic mass near 751.4 Da and an average molecular mass near 751.9 Da. All seven residues are proteinogenic amino acids, and the molecule carries no modified side chains or non-natural linkages.
The compound was designed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences during the 1980s and 1990s. The stated design goal was to retain the immunomodulatory and central nervous system activity attributed to tuftsin while improving resistance to enzymatic breakdown. Adding a proline-rich tail to the short parent peptide was a deliberate strategy, because proline residues restrict the conformations available to many peptidases. The same laboratory produced Semax, an ACTH fragment analog, and both compounds were developed in parallel as short, enzymatically stabilized peptides intended for intranasal use.
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide developed in Russia during the 1990s. Researchers at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences designed it as a stabilized analog of tuftsin, a naturally occurring immunomodulatory tetrapeptide. The compound has been studied primarily for its reported anxiolytic and nootropic effects. It remains largely unknown in Western pharmacology and is not approved as a medicine by major regulators such as the FDA or the EMA.
The primary structure of Selank is Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gly-Pro, corresponding to the molecular formula C33H57N11O9 and a monoisotopic mass of roughly 751.9 daltons. The N-terminal threonine and the arginine residue in the fourth position are shared with tuftsin, which carries the sequence Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg. The three additional residues at the C-terminus, Pro-Gly-Pro, extend the chain and are associated with greater resistance to enzymatic degradation. This extension also separates Selank from the shorter parent peptide.
Naming conventions place Selank in the same research family as Semax, another Russian-developed peptide investigated for cognitive effects. The two compounds share a lineage but differ in sequence and in the biological systems proposed as their targets. Semax descends from ACTH fragments, whereas Selank descends from tuftsin. Publications sometimes identify Selank by its full peptide sequence or by laboratory codes rather than one uniform trade name. Because replication outside Russia is limited, reports on its properties are best read alongside the study design and the purity of the material tested.
After receiving a missile targeting device disguised as a gem from Agent Abrella, she travels to Earth in the Kaijuki Devil Capture 5 (デビルキャプチャー5, Debiru Kyapuchā Faibu), which is destroyed by Deka Bike Robo while she is captured by S.P.D.'s Earth unit. She escapes to rekindle a former relationship, but is confronted by the Dekarangers and learns of Abrella's true intentions. Once the Dekarangers stop the missile and jettison Faraway to safety, she is pardoned. Faraway is portrayed by Aja (あじゃ). Tokasaian Princess Io Yonmerluicchi (トカーサ星人イオ・ヨンマールイッチ, Tokāsa Seijin Io Yonmāruitchi): A princess from Planet Tokasa who resembles Umeko. Io Yonmerluicchi is portrayed by Mika Kikuchi, who also portrays Umeko. Chanbenarian Gin (チャンベーナ星人ギン, Chanbēna Seijin Gin): A feline alien child from Planet Chanbenar who tries to steal medicine from Hakutaku, for his sick mother, after he was unable to buy it with a pearl he found, but is stopped and befriended by Sen-chan. After surviving an attempt on his life by an Alienizer named Gineka, who used the pearl in his Kaijuki game, Gin's mother receives medicine from Hakutaku at Sen-chan's request. Gin is voiced by Yōko Teppōzuka (鉄炮塚 葉子, Teppōzuka Yōko). Teranian Chou San (テラン星人チョウ・サン, Teran Seijin Chō San): A retired veteran detective from Planet Teran who seeks revenge on an Alienizer named Raja Namunan for killing his daughter 13 years prior, but was never able to prove it. In the present, Jasmine shows him the errors of his ways while confirming his theory. Chou San is voiced by Seizō Katō (加藤 精三, Katō Seizō).
==== Climbing Chimborazo ==== Humboldt and Bonpland began their ascent of Chimborazo from the plain of Tapia, situated at 3,163 yards (2,892 m) above sea level. The route led through a high plateau between the eastern and western chains of the Andes, passing sparse vegetation such as cacti and Schinus molle, as well as herds of llamas. The altitude caused agricultural difficulties, since nocturnal cooling often resulted in frozen crops. Before reaching Calpi, they visited Lican, once an important settlement before the Spanish conquest, but now reduced to a small village. Indigenous people believed that wild llamas on Chimborazo descended from domesticated herds scattered after the destruction of Lican. The travelers spent the night in Calpi, which Humboldt measured at 3,452 yards (3,157 m) meters above sea level. On June 23, they began the main phase of their Chimborazo expedition, choosing a south-southeast route favored by their Indigenous guides, though only a few guides had reached the limits of the perpetual snow. Humboldt observed that Chimborazo was surrounded by step-like, grass-covered plateaus, which he compared to former lake beds and similar terrace formations in the Alps. The flora of these grasslands was dominated by grass species common in northern Europe, with few dicotyledonous herbs and limited floral diversity compared to other Andean peaks. Temperatures in the region varied strongly between day and night, and the mean annual temperature at this elevation was approximately nine degrees Celsius.
=== Obesity === It has been observed that increased number of pro-inflammatory macrophages within obese adipose tissue contributes to obesity complications including insulin resistance and diabetes type 2. The modulation of the inflammatory state of adipose tissue macrophages has therefore been considered a possible therapeutic target to treat obesity-related diseases. Although adipose tissue macrophages are subject to anti-inflammatory homeostatic control by sympathetic innervation, experiments using ADRB2 gene knockout mice indicate that this effect is indirectly exerted through the modulation of adipocyte function, and not through direct Beta-2 adrenergic receptor activation, suggesting that adrenergic stimulation of macrophages may be insufficient to impact adipose tissue inflammation or function in obesity.
Insulin: promotes lipid synthesis, inhibiting lipid breakdown, and facilitating glucose transport and conversion into fatty acids. Glucagon: stimulates fatty acid oxidation and inhibits de novo fatty acid synthesis, reducing VLDL release and hepatic steatosis. Thyroid Hormone: promotes hepatic triglyceride synthesis, enhancing lipolysis, stimulating mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, and regulating cholesterol levels through various mechanisms, including LDL receptor expression and bile acid excretion. Sex Hormone: Estrogen: decreases triglyceride synthesis and enhances HDL cholesterol levels, potentially through promoting fatty acid oxidation and inhibiting lipogenesis. Testosterone: stimulates de novo lipogenesis and fat accumulation which are then incorporated to triglycerides for energy storage. Adrenaline: stimulates lipolysis and inhibits lipogenesis via AMPK phosphorylation, influencing lipid turnover and accumulation in adipose tissue.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
R7 is a small-molecule flavonoid and orally active, potent, and selective agonist of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) – the main signaling receptor for the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) – which is under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. It is a structural modification and prodrug of tropoflavin (7,8-DHF) with improved potency and pharmacokinetics, namely oral bioavailability and duration.
==== Warp Drive Bio ==== In 2012, Verdine founded Warp Drive Bio with cofounders George Church and James Wells. The company maps the genomes of soil-dwelling microbes in the search for potential treatments for drug-resistant ailments. In 2013, Verdine became full-time CEO of Warp Drive Bio, then handed the CEO position to Lawrence Reid in 2016 in order to found two new startups, FogPharma and LifeMine.
=== 1918 uprisings === In mid-1918, the Union moved from underground organization to open insurrection. It played a central role in organizing a series of anti-Bolshevik uprisings, most notably in Yaroslavl, but also in Rybinsk, Murom, and Elatma. These uprisings formed part of a broader effort to ignite coordinated resistance against the Bolshevik government. Additional revolts were reportedly planned in Moscow and Kazan, but arrests of members of the organization in May 1918 disrupted these plans before they could be carried out. The uprisings were suppressed by Soviet forces, and the Union's operational structure inside Russia was effectively broken apart in the aftermath.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Selank is a seven-amino-acid peptide built from the tuftsin sequence plus a Pro-Gly-Pro tail. It is produced by chemical synthesis rather than extracted from a natural source. The free peptide is usually supplied as a lyophilised powder or in an aqueous formulation.
Tuftsin is a natural tetrapeptide derived from the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G. Selank retains that tetrapeptide at its N-terminus and adds three residues to improve resistance to enzymatic breakdown. The relationship is structural, and the two molecules are not interchangeable in experimental work.
It holds a product registration in Russia for intranasal use as an anxiolytic. Registrations of that kind are not automatically accepted by regulators elsewhere. In most other countries it is treated as an unapproved substance or a research material.
Selank is a synthetic peptide made of seven amino acids. It is modeled on tuftsin, a natural tetrapeptide, with an added three-residue tail. It is not a small-molecule drug.